Why I’ve Used Multiple Models to Track My IPF Progression

When I learned that the prognosis for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients is about five years after diagnosis, I started wondering how my disease would progress. I didn’t think my progression would follow the usual, defined stages. I believed I would have an acute exacerbation and go directly from diagnosis to death.

Traditional staging is determined by a patient’s forced vital capacity (FVC) test score. The test involves using a spirometry device to measure maximal expiration and inspiration. I read about the various stages of IPF but didn’t put much stock into any of them. In my support group, we didn’t talk in terms of stages. None of my pulmonologists discussed the stage models with me.

My presumption about exacerbations came from watching my friends with IPF. Their health would worsen during the cold Midwestern winters in the U.S. until they had an exacerbation and were hospitalized for two or three weeks. This setback would place them in stage 4. Given the severity, a lung transplant was unlikely. They passed away within a year.

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Pre-transplant analysis

It became evident that my initial concept of my IPF progression was wrong. As my disease developed, it didn’t follow the defined stages, but instead appeared like a combination of several. My progression best fits the stages defined by National Jewish Health (NJH), which focuses on oxygen needs, with my FVC scores playing a supporting role.

My progression was slow thanks to the treatment Esbriet (pirfenidone), and I remained stable from my diagnosis in 2014 until December 2019.

In January 2020, I started to have more shortness-of-breath episodes. They were mild but concerning. I wanted to find a cause, so I looked at any changes. My diabetes treatment had changed to insulin. I scrutinized this event, but couldn’t connect it to my shortness of breath. I desperately wanted to find the cause because I didn’t want my lungs to worsen.

My need for oxygen continued to increase. By May, my FVC score had decreased by more than 10%. It was time to move up my annual lung transplant evaluation, which led to my transplant.

Post-transplant analysis

To better understand my progression, let’s look at it from a post-transplant perspective using various models:

• IPF doesn’t have stages, because each person’s progression is unique
• NJH model (IPF stages are based on oxygen needs)
• Traditional model (IPF stages are based on FVC test scores)
• GAP risk assessment system (IPF prognosis is estimated based on gender, age, and physiology)

The following table compares staging models:

A comparison of IPF staging models. (Courtesy of Kevin Olson)

Following is a four-year summary of my lung decline defined by each model. I was stable from October 2016 until February 2020, when all models indicated I was in stage 2. As my need for oxygen increased, the NJH model placed me in stage 4, whereas the FVC and GAP models had me in stage 2.

Kevin’s IPF progression, according to various staging models. (Courtesy of Kevin Olson)

Early on, my interstitial lung disease pulmonologist said that a 10% decline in FVC scores meant it was time for a transplant evaluation. Usually, this drop is evaluated over a period of six to 12 months. For analysis, I charted my FVC measurements and the percentage they changed over four years.

Kevin’s FVC measurements and percentage decrease over four years. (Courtesy of Kevin Olson)

From April 2016 to April 2017, my decline was slow. Then, I had a significant drop in May. That month, I went into atrial fibrillation. My decline triggered the transplant evaluation process.

In August 2017, I had my first transplant evaluation. By then, my condition had improved enough that I was no longer ready for a transplant. It took a year to return to my 2016 FVC levels. In February 2020, my FVC levels started to decrease substantially again. My annual transplant evaluation was moved up, and I had my transplant in August 2020.

To properly analyze my IPF progression, I must look at all models and figures. For example, when I was declining, I considered the percentage drop in my FVC levels rather than my stage.

Another tool we can use is the du Bois Score for IPF Mortality. It calculates a patient’s need for a transplant by determining their one-year prognosis using pulmonary function test and clinical indicators. My one-year mortality risk was 40-50%.

Because IPF progression is unique to each patient, we can’t depend on a single method. Doing so could give us a false impression. Instead, we must define our own progression. Talk with your pulmonologist to determine the best methods for tracking your IPF.

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Note: Pulmonary Fibrosis News is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. The opinions expressed in this column are not those of Pulmonary Fibrosis News or its parent company, BioNews, and are intended to spark discussion about issues pertaining to pulmonary fibrosis.